What is gastroesophageal reflux (GER)?
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs when stomach contents reflux, or back up, into the esophagus during or after a meal. The esophagus is the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. A ring of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus opens and closes to allow food to enter the stomach. This ring of muscle is called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The LES normally opens to release gas after meals. With infants, when the LES opens, stomach contents often reflux into the esophagus and out the mouth, resulting in regurgitation, or spitting up, and vomiting. GER can also occur when babies cough, cry, or strain.
What are the symptoms of GER?
GER is common in healthy infants. More than half of all babies experience reflux in the first 3 months of life, but most stop spitting up between the ages of 12 to 24 months. Only a small number of infants have severe symptoms. An infant with GER may experience
· spitting up
· vomiting
· coughing
· irritability
· poor feeding
· blood in the stools
In a small number of babies, GER results in symptoms that cause concern. These symptoms include
· poor growth due to an inability to hold down enough food
· irritability or refusing to feed due to pain
· blood loss from acid burning the esophagus
· breathing problems
These problems can be caused by disorders other than GER. Your health care provider will need to determine whether GER is the cause of your child's symptoms.
How is GER diagnosed?
An infant who is consistently spitting up or vomiting may have GER. The doctor or nurse will talk with you about your child's symptoms and examine your child. Tests may be ordered to help determine whether your child's symptoms are related to GER. Sometimes treatment is started without tests. If the infant is healthy, content, and growing well, often no tests or treatment are needed.
What is the treatment for GER?
The treatment for reflux depends on an infant's symptoms and age. Some babies may not need treatment because GER often resolves by itself. Healthy babies may only need their feedings thickened with cereal and to be kept upright after eating. Overfeeding can aggravate reflux, so your health care provider may suggest different ways of handling feedings. For example, smaller quantities with more frequent feedings can help decrease the chances of regurgitation. If a food allergy is suspected, you may be asked to change the baby's formula. Breastfeeding mothers may be asked to change their own diets for 1 to 2 weeks. If a child is not growing properly, higher-calorie food or tube feeding may be recommended.
When an infant is uncomfortable, has difficulty sleeping or eating, or does not grow, your health care provider may suggest a trial of medication to decrease the amount of acid in the stomach. Any potential complications related to the medication will be explained. However, most infants don't need medication and outgrow reflux by 1 or 2 years of age.
*If medication is needed, treatment will often start with a class of medications which helps keep acid from backing up into the esophagus. Your doctor will choose the right medication.
Specific Instructions for Infants with GER
· If you feed your baby with a bottle, add up to 1 tablespoon of rice cereal to 2 ounces of infant milk. You can add cereal to expressed milk if you are breastfeeding. If the mixture is too thick for your baby you can change the nipple size or cut a little “x” in the nipple.
· Burp your baby after he's consumed 1 or 2 ounces of formula. For breast-fed infants, burp after feeding on each side.
· Do not overfeed. Talk with your infant's doctor or nurse about the amount of formula or breast milk that your baby is consuming.
· When possible, hold your infant upright in your arms for 30 minutes after feedings.
· Infants with GER should usually sleep on their backs, as is suggested for all infants. Rarely, a physician may suggest alternative sleep positions.
niddk.nih.gov
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